Building and Managing the Constituencies: Requirements and Experiences

In this paper the challenges of managing several key constituencies are described. Examples of existing parks are used to illustrate the challenge and to show the problems that were faced and the approaches that were taken to overcome them. Foresight, or similar longer term visioning tools are proposed as a strategy to develop the shared vision necessary to sustain efforts over the medium to longer time period. The final section reviews key challenges facing parks with particular emphasis on: the advantages and disadvantages of fiscal incentives the role of regional hubs the integration of national as well as city region bases the widening range of tools that are needed alongside the S&T park to foster knowledge-based businesses the role and contributions that have been made by universities and how can these be expanded in future.